Sufism is a phenomenon which has taken place in almost every large city in the world, including Jakarta and other cities in Indonesia. Julia Day Howell notes that the emergence of this spiritual movement of urbanites began in the 1990s, when Sufi activities began to be institutionalized. At that time, the Paramadina Foundation Trust led by Nurcholish Madjid emerged.

Paramadina

This study group was pioneered by Muslim intellectual figure Nurcho