A breakfast of glutinous rice and black coffee has become the permanent menu for Ade, a shoe smith based at a Tanjung Priok bus terminal in North Jakarta. On a good day, Ade can make enough to put rice and half an egg on his plate for lunch and dinner. But on a quiet day, he is forced to eat bananas or fried cassava to fill his stomach.

Ade’s average daily income of approximately Rp10,000 per day (approximately US$1.10) is not enough to