APART from rivers, marine surveillance is also essential. One of the waters is Jakarta Bay, into which 13 rivers from three provinces empty. Jakarta Bay is heavily contaminated so it needs monitoring from time to time, LIPI expert in geographic information systems for marine application, Winardi, told Tempo.

LIPI has monitored Jakartas waters since 2003. A researcher from the Oceanographic Research Center, Sam Wouthuyzen, later managed to develop