BUNG Karno was probably lonely. In Ende, where the colonial government had exiled him since February 1934, only one or two visitors dared to visit him. There were, of course, no public meetings where he could deliver speeches, be adulated by the crowd, and ardently listened to.

Bernard Dahm, in his political biography of Sukarno, wrote that in his loneliness Bung Karno “turned for refuge in Islam”. In Ende, Bung Karno did indeed speak much a