The 1925 Manifesto: Prologue from the Netherlands

Indonesian students in the Netherlands published the 1925 Manifesto, considered to be more important than the Youth Pledge of 1928.

October 28, 2008

OH, spirited youths, dressed in Western suits, their chins tilting upwards, their eyes sharp and serious. It was a matter of pride: the realization that they were part of a new nation. An old photograph from the 1920s showed the youths who conceived Indonesia: Mohammad Hatta, Nazir Pamuntjak, Achmad Soebarjo and Soekiman Wirjosandjojo.

Two of these youths met one day. Mohammad Hatta had just arrived in the Netherlands on September 1921, while

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