Two-Stage Revolution

Kartosoewirjo began by advocating democracy. But impressed with Isra Mikraj, his ideology was based instead on faith, migration, and struggle.

August 18, 2010

Sekarmadji Maridjan did not write many books or articles. During his 13 years waging guerrilla war, he brought with him a huge typewriter. But he wrote only his thoughts on his dream to establish an Indonesian Islamic State (NII) in the form of directives and short articles published in Fadjar Asia newspaper during the 1930s.

Despite the existence of seven books outlining his views, each book voiced the same view. Meanwhile, Sukarno and Tan Mala

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