A.R. Baswedan did not instantly become a pro-independence nationalist. Natalie Mobini Kesheh in her book Hadrami Awakening relates that Liem Kian Hian was very influential for Baswedan. Indeed, Liem was at the Sin Tit Po daily together with Baswedan. But Baswedan’s scope of development was certainly more than that. There was Dr Soetomo in Soeara Oemoem who represented the views of an intellectual nationalist. There was also KH Mas Mansur, a Muh